Religion, Fundamentalism and Ethnicity: A Global Perspective — Jeff Haynes — May 1995.

This UNRISD paper examines why religion remains politically powerful in the modern world.

Haynes argues that modernization, social disruption, identity struggles, ethnic conflict, and state failures have often strengthened religious movements rather than making religion disappear.

1. Modernization Did Not Eliminate Religion

2. Religion Becomes Politically Powerful During Social and State Crises

3. Religion Provides Identity and Solidarity

4. Fundamentalism Is a Reaction to Perceived Threats

5. Religious Movements Are Diverse and Can Produce Different Outcomes

🧠 Conclusion

The paper’s central claim is that religion remains politically powerful not because modernization failed, but because modernization often creates the very conditions that make religion attractive. ⭐

Rapid social change, economic inequality, cultural disruption, weak governments, and identity struggles can leave people searching for meaning, belonging, and solutions.

Religious movements fill those needs in different ways— some defend threatened communities, some seek political reform, some provide welfare and development, and some attempt to restore traditional values. ⭐

Haynes’ broader contribution is challenging the assumption that religion is merely a relic of the past.

Instead, he argues that religion remains a living social force that helps people interpret change, organize collectively, and respond to the pressures of the modern world. ⭐

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