Cyber Operations During Armed Conflict: The Principle of Proportionality, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), March 2023

This paper explains how international humanitarian law applies proportionality rules to cyber warfare, limiting cyber attacks that could cause excessive civilian harm relative to anticipated military advantage.

1. What is proportionality? ⭐

2. Why is cyber warfare uniquely difficult?

3. What counts as civilian harm?

4. How is proportionality judged?

5. What larger challenge does cyber warfare create?

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