Nicolás Maduro undermined Venezuelan democracy through a combination of electoral manipulation, capture of key state institutions, repression of opposition, and systematic economic mismanagement ⭐ that produced measurable human costs in mortality, imprisonment, income, and social conditions. These actions transformed a formally competitive system into a pseudo-democracy with authoritarian control behind an electoral façade.[1][2][3][4][5]

Core ways institutions were undermined

Measurable impacts: imprisonment and repression

Measurable economic and social effects

Societal effects: migration, crime, and civic space

Other types of effects and how they can be measured

• Sources