Sanctuary jurisdictions do not show higher crime ⭐; most rigorous studies find no statistically significant increase in crime, and several report modestly lower crime in sanctuary vs. comparable non‑sanctuary areas. Immigration levels—documented or undocumented—are generally associated with stable or lower violent crime at the macro level ⭐, so differences between sanctuary and non‑sanctuary areas largely reflect policy-driven cooperation with ICE and resulting trust dynamics rather than more offending by immigrants. ⭐ [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]