| Study/Source | General Finding | Detail/Scope |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 County-Level Panel [4] | ↑ Gun homicide with increased permits | 11 states, 2010–2019 |
| 2023 Meta-Analysis [5] | ↑ Firearm assault (+9.5%) & other homicide (+8.8%) | “Shall-issue” states, 1980–2019 |
| Pre-2023 State Data [6] | ↓ Violent crime (by 2.88/100k avg.), in some states | 20 permitless carry states |
| Older National Data [7] | ↓ Violent crime, possible shift to property crimes | U.S. counties, 1977–1992 |
Most rigorous recent evidence shows that relaxing concealed carry requirements—especially with few restrictions—tends to increase gun assault and homicide rates. The effects vary by state and law specifics, with possible small deterrent effects or crime substitution in some contexts, but the average national effect of easier concealed carry is to make gun violence and gun assaults more common[4][5][6][7].